Personal Reflection on Intermediate Anaesthetic Practice

Personal Reflection on Intermediate Anaesthetic Practice I am a student anaesthetic practitioner with a clinical placement in an acute hospital. I will be reflecting on my personal experience with a 20 year old patient who underwent a Myringotomy and Bilateral Ear Grommets Insertion procedure wherein a local anaesthetic was used and had failed, and prompting the case to be done under general anaesthesia. The operation was deemed necessary by the consultant as the patient was diagnosed with recurrent Otitis Media with Effusion (OME), see Appendix A [on page 23], because it will eventually help to correct his hearing loss and prevent further deterioration as stated by Woolfson and McCafferty 1993. Following the NMC Code of Conduct (2008) on Confidentiality of patients information, I will refer to patient as Mr. B. I will be using the Gibbs Reflective Cycle which is shown in Appendix B as the framework of my reflection Jasper (2003). It will highlight how researching further led to a better understanding of surgery and anaesthetics and to know how to respond if the same situation happens again. Mr. B. had been admitted in the ward at noontime of the surgery. He was seen by the anaesthetist to carry out a preoperative assessment. According to the anaesthetist, he is generally fit for surgery and does not pose as an anaesthetic risk. The anaesthetist discussed with him about her plan to give him a general anaesthesia, but he asked the anaesthetist if the operation can be done without having a general anaesthetic because he prefers to remain awake. The consultant surgeon also came in and explained the surgery. He was allowed to undertake a local anaesthetic provided that he cooperate well and if the local anaesthetic is unsuccessful, an alternative anaesthetics will be used, that is a general anaesthesia. The surgeon and anaesthetist explained what he will experience with local anaesthetics like a burning sensation in his ears, including possibly a degree of pain. Any anaesthetic may arise complications and that other types of anaesthetic is not sufficient for the surgery and therefore needs to be changed to a general anaesthetic at any time (Box Hill Hosp. Dept. of Anaesthesia, 2001). A written consent was obtained by the surgeon from Mr. B. The Department of Health Guidelines (2007) on Consent states that Informed Consent ensures the patient has full knowledge of the procedure because it is fully explained to the patient by the surgeon. The patient is also given the time to ask any questions he may have and voice any concerns and honest answers must be provided. I was assigned in the ENT theatre for the afternoon session which has three booked cases. The operating department practitioner (ODP) and I did the necessary checks in the anaesthetic room and safely prepared the anaesthetic materials and equipment in preparation of the list (AAGBI 2004). I also checked the safe and correct functionality of the anaesthesia machine and refilled drugs in the anaesthetic cupboards. Shields and Werder (2002) said that adequate preparation of the anaesthetic equipment, resources and patient is essential to the provision of safe anaesthetic care. The team members gathered to initiate a preoperative briefing. During the briefing, the surgeon mentioned about the order of the list. Mr. B will be done last as he is a private case anyway. After finishing the first two cases, the ODP and I went to the waiting area of patients to fetch Mr. B. I introduced myself and checked his identity. Then I checked that all preoperative preparations were done and documented. The consent form was confirmed to him that it was his signature and dated. As the patient was having a Myringotomy and Bilateral Ear Grommets Insertion, the site of his procedure was not marked. For most procedure, this is an important check. The National Patient Safety Alert NPSA (2005) recommend that by marking the site for the operation with an arrow using a permanent marker will assist in reducing the incidents of wrong site surgery being performed. I also checked him for any allergies, presence of any metalwork, prosthetic aids in his body, contact lenses, crowns and dentures and asked if he has any other significant surgery or illness. Then I accompanied him to the operating room and made him lay down comfortably. While conversing with him, I placed on the external non-invasive monitors such as the blood pressure, ECG and pulse oximeter. I tried to maintain a quiet and supportive environment. I sat beside him and continued to communicate with him as he looked anxious. Kumar (2 000) said that patients are apprehensive about what will happen and the anaesthetic practitioner needs to monitor patients anxiety level throughout the surgical procedure. Meanwhile, the circulating nurse initiated the Time Out check which is carried out in every operation to enhance a safe surgery (World Health Organisation Guidelines for Safe Surgery, 2008). The surgeon applied the local anaesthetic drug Ametop gel 4% onto Mr. Bs ears. Woolfson and McCafferty (1993) suggest that it should be instilled into the external ear canal using a soft, intravenous cannula and a 5ml syringe and performed under a microscope to ensure immediate contact of the gel with the entire ear drums and that the ear canal was filled and the depth of the gel provides self occlusion. According to the BNF (2010) Ametop is a topical local anaesthetic in gel form which contains Tetracaine base 40 mgs. believed to act by blocking nerve conduction mainly by inhibiting sodium ion flux across the axon membrane. The ester type caine anaesthetics are rapidly metabolised in blood mainly by plasma pseudocholinesterase. A slight erythema local skin reaction will be usually seen at the site of the application and as a result of the pharamacological action of tetracaine dilating the capillary vessels.This helps in delineating the anaesthetised area as explained by the National Library of Guidelines (2007). Adequate anaesthesia can usually be achieved following 30-60 minutes application time and anaesthesia is maintained for 4 to 6 hours in most patients after a single application. We waited only for about 30 minutes to anaesthetise his ears. While waiting, Mr. B became anxious as he was seen perspiring a lot. Everyone reassured him. The surgeon began cleaning and draping the area. Working with an operating microscope, the surgeon started to suction and made a small incision in his eardrum. Mr. B reacted to the pain but I encouraged him to keep still. The surgeon continued to suction the fluid present in the middle ear but Mr. B kept on moving his head because the pain was more intense. A tiny grommet was to be inserted into his surgical aperture but he refused as he cannot bear the intense pain. The surgeon stopped and asked the patient not to move if he wanted the operation to continue or if he cannot tolerate, he will be put to sleep instead. Mr. B and the whole team proceeded further as consented. The anaesthetist cannulated Mr. B. using a gauge 18 large bore venflon secured with a transparent and semi permeable dressing connected to a litre of Hartmanns solution which has been labelled and checked by the anaesthetist and the ODP as per NHS protocol for intravenous infusion, AfPP (2007). Clarke and Jones (1998) describes that a Hartmanns or sodium lactate or lactated ringers is a crystalloid type of intravenous fluid that will cross a semipermeable membrane, thus allowing movement of electrolytes to correct any imbalance. It contains calcium, chloride and lactate similar in composition to extracellular fluid as a balanced salt solution. The anaesthetist started the induction and an I-gel airway (see appendix C) was inserted. The surgery was resumed and carried out without any problems. Mr. B. was fully recovered and transferred back to the ward without complications. I felt disappointed because the result of this experience was clearly contrary to initial expectations. A minor operation like this can be done under local anaesthetics and is a quick procedure. It could have finished if only the patient cooperated well. Although this experience was frustrating for the patient as he requested to be awake during the procedure, still it went well and the treatment for a possible hearing loss and deterioration was done for him. The duties and responsibilities expected from me as an anaesthetic theatre practitioner were performed according to the policies and procedures of my clinical placement. The whole team cooperated well and performed their job accordingly. I have also found out a controversial issue regarding the Ametop gel which has aroused my doubt. Netdoctor (2004) points out that Ametop is a topical anaesthetic for dermal analgesia which must not to be applied to broken skin, mucous membrane or to the eyes or ears. Tetracaine gel could be ototoxic like other local anaesthetics and should not be introduced to the middle ear or use in procedures which might involve penetration into the middle ear. Therefore, Mr. B. might be at risk for ototoxicity. In addition to that, the local anaesthetic did not fail but it is because the surgeon did not wait longer enough until Mr. B was pain free before starting the surgery. A proper consent was secured earlier from him, thus, saved the time in securing a fresh consent. Moreover, it saved NHS resources akin to if the list was cancelled and rescheduled and along with the unsatisfactory hospital experience of Mr. B. The surgery could have been done quickly and safely under a most and effective local anaesthetic rather than topical and waiting for a clinically acceptable anaesthesia before commencing the surgery. I suggest that next time this event occurs again, I would tell the whole team in the preoperative briefing, to give ample time for the anaesthesia to take effect before we can start the surgery. I would also write an incident report so that a proper evaluation could be done and errors will be omitted in the future for the safety of the patient.

True Tragic Hero in Sophocles Antigone :: Antigone essays

The True Tragic Hero in Sophocles' Antigone    In Master Sophocles' Antigone, the question of who the tragic hero really is has been a subject of debate for a great number years. Creon does possess some of the qualities that constitute a tragic hero but unfortunately does not completely fit into the role. Antigone, however, possesses all the aspects of a tragic hero. These are, in no particular order, having a high social position, not being overly good or bad, being tenacious in their actions, arousing pity in the audience, a revelatory manifestation, and having a single flaw that brings about their own demise and the demise of others around them. Antigone possesses all of these traits therefore qualifying as the tragic hero.    The first qualifying aspect is that Antigone is of a high social standing in Thebes. Creon himself refers to her as a princess though she is technically no longer one. Because of her high standing she is capable of great suffering, in that she has a lot of fame and regard to lose. Those who say Creon is the tragic hero state say that Antigone is no longer in a high position in the society, therefore does not qualify on that account. If the character had needed to be in a high political position this would be true, but they need only have a great deal to lose in their downfall. Although she may no longer hold political power Antigone is still a powerful figure in Thebes, since she was to be married to Creon's son Haemon and the whole city seemed to know how tragic her life had become.    Antigone and Creon would qualify as the tragic hero if the only requirement was not being overly good or bad. Creon shows his negative side when he refuses to bury Polyneices and when he speaks to the sentry. His positive side is shown in his obvious affection for Antigone and Ismene, whom he has attempted to raise since their fathers death. Antigone's ungodly side is shown by her incestuous behavior with her brother Polyneices. Her positive side is shown by the way the she insists on respecting his right to be buried in the religious tradition of Greece so that his soul may live on in the afterlife.    Another aspect of a tragic hero is an unwavering course of action, most likely caused by their flaw, that brings about their demise and the demise of those around them.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Internet and Newspaper Advertising

Advantages & disadvantages of Internet and newspaper advertising The Internet and newspapers are considered two of the five traditional types of media used for advertising. The others are television, radio and magazines. Each medium has advantages and disadvantages that are considered when selection of the best media for advertising messages is made. The Internet and newspapers are both useful media for advertising when they effectively convey your message to the right audience. Internet Advertising Advantages The Internet is the newest of the traditional media.A main advantage of Internet advertising is its affordability as an advertising medium. Typically, you pay for your ad based on the number of people it reaches. Audience selectivity is another major benefit as you can pinpoint specific audiences by site. Tracking results of Internet ads is also a strength. Online sites have great tracking tools to track unique visitors, visits, page views and impressions on the pages your ads are on. Versatility is another advantage. You can place banner ads of various sizes, pop-up ads, text ads and streaming audio and video ads. Internet Advertising DisdvantagesLimited click-through rates are a burden with Internet advertising. People often ignore banner ads and avoid pop-up ads and other online ad types. Uncertainty with what works through online advertising is a significant disadvantage as well. As the newest of the traditional media types, Internet advertising is still evolving. Technology, such as pop-up ad blockers, helps web users avoid pop up ads. In some cases, the audience on the website controls their exposure to the ad, such as with streaming audio and video, and the need to click through an ad to see the full message.Newspaper Advertising Advantages Timeliness is a major advantage of newspaper advertising relative to many other media types. You can often drop a newspaper ad off a day or two before it runs in the paper. Newspapers are excellent for geographi c targeting as well. Local businesses make regular use of local newspapers to target a local geographic market. State, regional and national newspapers offer broader geographic opportunities. Credibility is another strength of newspapers relative to other media. People often perceive that since the ads are near fact or news-based content, they are more believable.Newspaper Advertising Disdvantages Newspapers have a short life. Relative to magazines, newspaper ads have limited potential for ongoing exposure as they are often recycled or thrown out after initial reading. Reproduction quality also affects the print quality, especially in the latter part of a production run. You also have limited ability to target segmented markets through newspapers. While geographic targeting is an advantage, you have to pay for the newspaper's audience regardless of who fits into your market segment.

Human Nature in Lord of the Flies by William Golding

Picture someone walking down a city street when suddenly they spot a man wearing dirty and ragged clothing holding a sign that reads, â€Å"Please help me.† All of a sudden, you reach into your pocket pondering for loose change, which you place into his empty plastic bottle. As you walk away, a sudden joy springs upon you knowing you’ve helped someone in need. Many psychologists say human nature motivates this excitement within. Human nature can affect an individual by how one sees themselves, sees others, and sees society. It is our desires, reactions, needs, instincts, and goals one aims for. Human nature may guide the direction of society, for humans group together creating a desired cultural upbringing, living among one another. In William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies, the end of innocence has risen for some very unlucky boys. Following a plane crash killing all adults, boys, aging from six to fourteen, are left stranded and isolated on an island with no means of escape. After several months, the boys begin to disagree and fight, leading to the development of savages. Soon, the boys have no law and order to keep them civilized; only the dangerous and injudicious decisions they have made. The articles â€Å"Evil† written by Lance Morrow and â€Å"† written by, both incorporate ideas that individuals and society are influenced by human nature. Human beings are faced with desires, needs, goals, etc. which impact their individuality and societies they exist in. Human Nature isShow MoreRelatedThe Nature of Humans in Lord of the Flies by William Golding651 Words   |  3 PagesThe nature of human: are humans born good or evil? These two opposing views on human nature are two topics that Rousseau and Golding have both touched upon. While Golding believes that humans are born inherently evil, Rousseau believes the opposite: that humans are inherently good. Golding wrote the novel Lord of the Flies as a response of the novel, The Coral Island by R.M. 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Human nature, according to the Oxford Dictionary, is â€Å"the general psychological characteristics,Read MoreE ssay on Human Nature in William Golding ´s Lord of the Flies686 Words   |  3 PagesIn Lord of the Flies, a 20th century novel written by William Golding, countless issues are portrayed; however the essential nature of humankind is, perhaps, the most recurring. From the moment we meet the boys after they land on the island, it is obvious that this fundamental issue will play out through the entire length of the novel, and, as it progresses, the deeper Golding will delve into mankind’s true nature. Shown through the loss of innocence, social skills, and order, the nature of humankindRead MoreLord of the Flies by William Golding1585 Words   |  7 Pages Lord of the Flies by William Golding is a fictional novel highlighting natural characteristics of man kind. The Book was created during the post World War II period. 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In the book Lord of the Flies by William Golding this quote depicts what the book is trying to point out and display to us. The quote ties in with the pig head on a stick, otherwise known as the Lord of the Flies. The pig head was killed barbaricallyRead More Struggle Between Good and Evil in William Goldings Lord of the Flies1186 Words   |  5 PagesGood and Evil in William Goldings Lord of the Flies   Ã‚  Ã‚   Evil is not an external force controlled by the devil, but rather the potential for evil resides within each person. Man has the potential to exhibit great kindness or to rape and pillage. In the novel Lord of the Flies, William Golding deals with this evil that exists in the heart of man. With his mastery of such literary tool as structure, syntax, diction, point of view and presentation of character, Golding allows the reader

Health and Wellness - 1967 Words

Optimal Health and Wellness Aaron-John P McDonald COM/172 February 21, 2014 Robert Eakins Optimal Health and Wellness . A better understanding about how our bodies and minds function has been better observed by scientists and brought to the attention of the general public. Research has introduced three elements of health and wellness and how nutrition and fitness as active parts of our lives. Research has also discovered ways for preventing major diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Preventing awful effects in our environment and protecting the immune system is part of action plans researchers have discovered to play an important role in improved physical health and wellness. Physical Health It is important to get enough rest†¦show more content†¦Not that this might happen anyway. In fact most people try to change in thing in their life usually find themselves giving up. This is why one should create a plan that they can achieve and give themselves a chance to achieve the plan in steps so that it will not be so hard to make it to the end of the plan Strategies for preventing each disease: cancer, diabetes, cardio-vascular disease Diabetes According to the CDC, type 1 diabetes was previously known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or IDDM for short (Basics about Diabetes, 2013). Type 2 diabetes was labeled as just the opposite, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or IDDM (Basics about Diabetes, 2013). Type 2 diabetes accounts for 90 – 95% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Diabetes can result from poor genetics, poor health choices throughout life, malnutrition, infections, or other less than common illnesses. Preventing diabetes requires healthy eating habits, maintaining a range of healthy nutrition intake. Having a regular form of physical activity will also help in preventing the onset of diabetes as well as Cardiovascular Disease. Cardio-vascular Disease Cardio-vascular disease, also referred to as CVD, refers to several conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels (Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control, 2013). When speaking about CVD, the CDC states the most common type of heart disease in the United States is coronary arteryShow MoreRelatedHealth Of Health And Wellness1839 Words   |  8 Pagespaper discusses health and wellness as related to activities, the scopes of health and wellness, the factors that influence health and wellness in relation to sport, and how to acquire health and wellness and its importance. So I learned in this health class is about eating healthy and eating nutrition food like chicken and white rice great organic food ect .For example Heath and wellness are key components in my life. 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It involves physical as well as psychological and social well- being† (2012). The well being of an individual also includes social conditions, biological factors, and personality traits (Straub, 2012). Both health and wellness is highly looked over by individuals, this is until they understand how an illness destroys their body. However, to understand the views individualsRead MoreHealth / Wellness And Illness1551 Words   |  7 PagesHealth and wellness is a state of well-being when an individual is completely capable physically, psychologically, and socially. Everyone has a different view of what healthy means due to their age, gender, race, beliefs, and the environment they live in. Comparing Health/Wellness and Illness/Disease When comparing health and wellness to disease and illness there are various differences and some similarities. 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The Merchant Of Venice A Story Of Despair And Pain

Logan Steenstra Mrs.Kleinmeyer Gifted Communication Arts II 29 April 2016 The Merchant of Comedy The Merchant of Venice, a story of despair and pain. Wait, nevermind it’s a comedy. There are too many humorous scenes for it not to be a comedy. It may not seem very funny but, in this time period this play would have been very humerous. I still think this play is a comedy because what isn’t funny about women pretending to be men, how Shylock and if you compare this play to Shakespeare’s other works you can easily see that this is a comedy. Men pretending to be women, pretending to be men. How can that not be funny? Also another character was trying to cut a pound of flesh out of someone because they couldn’t pay him back at that very moment. Shakespeare is trying to make people laugh here. Antonio and Bassanio couldn’t tell that their wives were the actually the people standing right in front of them. And to make matters worse, they lied to their husbands about getting the ring back by sleeping with the lawyer that they were pretending to be. How can this not be funny? This is all added to make the play more humorous and enjoyable for readers. Portia also Help keep Shylock from taking a pound of Antonio s flesh, and because of this choice Shylock lost everything he owned. Many people may feel bad for Shylock because he lost everything he owned for following a deal he made. But people don’t realize that Shylock is the antagonist. He is the bad guy. He isolated himselfShow MoreRelatedPride and Prejudice the Merchant of Venice2099 Words   |  9 Pagesand ‘The Merchant of Venice’. Shakespeare and Jane Austen both present strong feeling of love, revenge, hatred and friendship. They are two different types of stories, ‘Pride and Prejudice’ is a novel and ‘The Merchant of Venice’ is a play so therefore they both have different ways of presenting strong feelings but they do have some similarities. In ‘Pride and Prejudice’ strong feelings are presented by: 1. The Narrator 2. Letters 3. Dialogue Whereas in ‘The Merchant of Venice’ strong feelingsRead MoreOptimism and Pessimism in Voltaire’s Candide Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pagesthe time: Pangloss the proponent of Optimism and Martin the proponent of Pessimism. Each of the two travelers is never together with Candide, until the end, but both entice him to picture the world in one of their two philosophies. Throughout the story there is an apparent ebb and flow from Candide on how to think of the world. By the end of his journey, Candide will be presented with evidence to lead to his agreement of either Optimism or Pessimism. But I submit, Candide does not become a firm believer

Two Routes to Resilience for Harvard Business - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theTwo Routes to Resilience for Harvard Business. Answer: Introduction Companies go through shifts in the market hence there is need to change some of the aspects of the firm to prevent to collapse when the market changes occur. Most of the strategists propose modifying the various structures in the business promptly once such changes occur whereby one has to use two techniques. The first technique should be for getting the business in the right position by acclimatising the enterprises model to the shifted market. The second technique is the creation of a distinct business that will come up with creative ideas which are necessary for the businesses future growth.one of the firms that undergone a market shift is the Deseret News which started in the 1850s. The company was using the old newspaper model for over 100 years but had to change this model after going through a market shift. The firms customer at first received a paper each day at their doorstep for a monthly fee. The descent in revenue because of the market turns significantly affected the firm and brought a lot of disruptions in the business. The drop started gradually because of the competition from the websites such as the Huffington post which posted news as well as the social media platforms. The readers attention was diverted to these sites leaving the Deseret News with few customers hence causing the financial constraints. The company had to look for a way to correct this, one of the Harvard professor; Gilbert came to the company and gave them an idea on how to resolve the situation. (Gilbert, Eyring Foster, 2012)He gave the concept of digital media which they adapted and has substantially increased their revenues. The company is now firm because of the innovative idea and is still publishing its local daily newspaper as well as using the digital media, for instance, web publishing. In this paper , I will give my scenario on the companys vision in the next five years by looking at the most favourable conditions as well as the threats it may have. Best case vision Planning is a vital thing in the firm, but with the various happenings in the world, scholars say that the future is just a surprise. Some companies had plans, but the natural disasters pulled them down such as the Tsunami in 2005 thus while making plan one need to look at different scenarios. Scenarios are more than one story that guides one in showing them how the companys environment may change in the next years.one of the vision of the Deseret News is decreasing their expenses which they propose will be by reducing some of the staff workers and adapting the advancing technology. The decision may be affected by some of the environmental issues such as the currency fluctuations. Although the company is planning to maximise its profit twice in the next five years, it is vital to look at different scenarios sand come up with an informed decision on benefits they may get. The technological factors are also an environmental force that may affect this vision since the new technologies a te hard to predict as it has affected different firms. By looking at various scenarios using different companies and consulting experienced experts, they suggest that they can achieve the vision and different businesses adapted it to maximise their profits. (Konno, Nonaka, Ogilvy, 2014) Worst case vision The view of maximising profits twice in the next five years has various threats such as terrorist attacks which are prevalent in different nations today. The attacks may lead to the destruction of the company hence use of the companys profit in reconstructing the company. (Konno, Nonaka, Ogilvy, 2014) I believe that the worst case vision will not occur though there have been scenarios of such situations in the past there is need to come up with a correct strategy for security. The idea of maximising the companys profit will be achievable since one of the attempts by the CEO in 2010 where there was a 43% paperwork employee reduction worked so well. Conclusion. In conclusion for the Deseret firm to be able to maximise profits as well as prevent the effect from a threat such as terrorist attack seen in various scenarios, it has to come up with individual strategies. The plans may include having a thorough check-up before entering the companys premises as well as having the CCTV cameras all over the enterprise. The company also needs to be careful on the technology equipments that they will adopt as some may be fake hence affecting the companies productivity. References Gilbert, C., Eyring, M. and Foster, R.N., 2012. Two routes to resilience. Harvard Business Review, 90(12), pp.65-73. Konno, N., Nonaka, I. and Ogilvy, J., 2014. Scenario planning: The basics. World Futures, 70(1), pp.28-43. Whelan-Berry, K.S. and Somerville, K.A., 2010. Linking change drivers and the organizational change process: A review and synthesis. Journal of Change Management, 10(2), pp.175-193. Buchanan, D.A., 2011. Reflections: good practice, not rocket scienceunderstanding failures to change after extreme events. Journal of Change Management, 11(3), pp.273-288.